Importance of Friends Essay

â€Å"The silver friend knows your present and the gold friend knows all of your past dirt and glories. Once in a blue moon there is someone who knows it all, someone who knows and accepts you unconditionally, someone who is there for life.† This is a quote I read once in an article by Jill McCorkle in my cousin’s house. McCorkle’s description of a â€Å"gold friend† describes a friendship that I have with a group of girls who mean the world to me. These friends are the pearls of my life. This word bears its great meaning to me and only to those who could understand the greatness of its meaning. It’s something sacred, it needs to be cherished and build up for many years with much care. It’s a complex, magical process, which must contain fluid that will start spinning the wheel. Let me tell you something about my friends.When I was a freshman in high school, I became friends with these girls-Guia,Krisha, Carla, Magz, Cj, Jian, and Chantel. Since the beginning of that year, we have all been best friends. There were many times we rode around together. However, this particular Jeep ride was very significant because I realized what friendship is all about. One Tuesday night, we all went to Greenwich in SM, except Chantel, and eat there with the parents of Guia because it was the celebration of her birthday. This experienced will remain and will never be erased from me because it was one of the happiest things that had happened to me. Friendship like ours was something many people had never experienced. To me, the significance of our relationship is a unique bond that I feel with these ladies. They are like sisters that God did not give me. They have been there for me at times when my world was falling apart. As I finally drifted off to sleep that night, I thanked God for allowing me to have them in my life. These eight girls, including RIchel of course, have been my guardian angels. I have always been able to count on them, no matter what the situation is. They have helped me face the next day when I did not know if it was possible. We have been through everything; we have laughed, cried, and then laughed at ourselves for crying together. There have been many times when I have been lonely and I reminisce back to the experiences I had with them. It reminds me that there are people who care about me and accept me for who I am. A true friendship is a magnificent thing and as Talbot Jennings said â€Å"Friend is the finest word in any language. Life without friends is a life I could not imagine.

The Decree Abolishing the Feudal System, August 11, 1789

The Decree Abolishing the Feudal System, August 11, 1789 The abolition of the feudal system, which took place during the famous night session of August 4-5, 1789, was caused by the reading of a report on the misery and disorder which prevailed in the provinces. The National Assembly, in a fervor of enthusiasm and excitement, straightaway abolished many of the ancient abuses. The document here given is the revised decree, completed a week later. ARTICLE I. The National Assembly hereby completely abolishes the feudal system.It decrees that, among the existing rights and dues, both feudal and censuel, all those originating in or representing real or personal serfdom shall be abolished without indemnification. All other dues are declared redeemable, the terms and mode of redemption to be fixed by the National Assembly. Those of the said dues which are not extinguished by this decree shall continue to be collected until indemnification shall take place. II. The exclusive right to maintain pigeon houses and dovecotes is abolished.The pigeons shall be confined during the seasons fixed by the community. During such periods they shall be looked upon as game, and every one shall have the right to kill them upon his own land. III. The exclusive right to hunt and to maintain uninclosed warrens is likewise abolished, and every landowner shall have the right to kill, or to have destroyed on his own land, all kinds of game, observing, however, such police regulations as may be established with a view to the safety of the public.All hunting capitaineries, including the royal forests, and all hunting rights under whatever denomination, are likewise abolished. Provision shall be made, however, in a manner compatible with the regard due to property and liberty, for maintaining the personal pleasures of the king. The president of the Assembly shall be commissioned to ask of the king the recall of those sent to the galleys or exiled, simply for violations of the unting regulations, as well as for the release of those at present imprisoned for offenses of this kind, and the dismissal of such cases as are now pending. IV. All manorial courts are hereby suppressed without indemnification. But the magistrates of these courts shall continue to perform their functions until such time as the National Assembly shall provide for the establishment of a new judicial system. V.Tithes of every description, as well as the dues which have been substituted for them, under whatever denomination they are known or collected (even when compounded for), possessed by secular or regular congregations, by holders of benefices, members of corporations (including the Order of Malta and other religious and military orders), as well as those devoted to the maintenance of churches, those impropriated to lay persons, and those substituted for the portion congrue, are abolished, on condition, however, that some other method be devised to provide for the expenses of divine worship, the supp ort of the officiating clergy, for the assistance of the poor, for repairs and rebuilding of churches and parsonages, and for the maintenance of all institutions, seminaries, schools, academies, asylums, and organizations to which the present funds are devoted.Until such provision shall be made and the former possessors shall enter upon the enjoyment of an income on the new system, the National Assembly decrees that the said tithes shall continue to be collected according to law and in the customary manner. Other tithes, of whatever nature they may be, shall be redeemable in such manner as the Assembly shall determine. Until this matter is adjusted, the National Assembly decrees that these, too, shall continue to be collected. VI. All perpetual ground rents, payable either in money or in kind, of whatever nature they may be, whatever their origin and to whomsoever they may be due, . . . shall be redeemable at a rate fixed by the Assembly. No due shall in the future be created which is not redeemable. VII. The sale of judicial and municipal offices shall be abolished forthwith. Justice shall be dispensed gratis.Nevertheless the magistrates at present holding such offices shall continue to exercise their functions and to receive their emoluments until the Assembly shall have made provision for indemnifying them. VIII. The fees of the country priests are abolished, and shall be discontinued so soon as provision shall be made for increasing the minimum salary [portion congrue] of the parish priests and the payment to the curates. A regulation shall be drawn up to determine the status of the priests in the towns. IX. Pecuniary privileges, personal or real, in the payment of taxes are abolished forever. Taxes shall be collected from all the citizens, and from all property, in the same manner and in the same form. Plans shall be considered by which the taxes shall be paid proportionally by all, even for the last six months of the current year. X.Inasmuch as a nationa l constitution and public liberty are of more advantage to the provinces than the privileges which some of these enjoy, and inasmuch as the surrender of such privileges is essential to the intimate union of all parts of the realm, it is decreed that all the peculiar privileges, pecuniary or otherwise, of the provinces, principalities, districts, cantons, cities, and communes, are once for all abolished and are absorbed into the law common to all Frenchmen. XI. All citizens, without distinction of birth, are eligible to any office or dignity, whether ecclesiastical, civil, or military; and no profession shall imply any derogation. XII. Hereafter no remittances shall be made for annates or for any other purpose to the court of Rome, the vice legation at Avignon, or to the nunciature at Lucerne.The clergy of the diocese shall apply to their bishops in regard to the filling of benefices and dispensations, the which shall be granted gratis without regard to reservations, expectancies, an d papal months, all the churches of France enjoying the same freedom. XIII. [This article abolishes various ecclesiastical dues. ] XIV. Pluralities shall not be permitted hereafter in cases where the revenue from the benefice or benefices held shall exceed the sum of three thousand livres. Nor shall any individual be allowed to enjoy several pensions from benefices, or a pension and a benefice, if the revenue which he already enjoys from such sources exceeds the same sum of three thousand livres. XV.The National Assembly shall consider, in conjunction with the king, the report which is to be submitted to it relating to pensions, favors, and salaries, with a view to suppressing all such as are not deserved, and reducing those which shall prove excessive; and the amount shall be fixed which the king may in the future disburse for this purpose. XVI. The National Assembly decrees that a medal shall be struck in memory of the recent grave and important deliberations for the welfare of Fr ance, and that a Te Deum shall be chanted in gratitude in all the parishes and the churches of France. XVII. The National Assembly solemnly proclaims the king, Louis XVI, the Restorer of French Liberty. XVIII.The National Assembly shall present itself in a body before the king, in order to submit to him the decrees which have just been passed, to tender to him the tokens of its most respectful gratitude, and to pray him to permit the Te Deum to be chanted in his chapel, and to be present himself at this service. XIX. The National Assembly shall consider, immediately after the constitution, the drawing up of the laws necessary for the development of the principles which it has laid down in the present decree. The latter shall be transmitted by the deputies without delay to all the provinces, together with the decree of the 10th of this month, in order that it may be printed, published, read from the parish pulpits, and posted up wherever it shall be deemed necessary.

Relationship of relationships Essay

Statistics on suicides show either positive or negative correlations with suicidal tendencies. There are then vulnerabilities but there are also mitigating circumstances or resistance to committing suicidal acts. Age level, ethnicity, gender or sexual orientation and affiliations were found out to somehow relate to occurrence of suicide. The individual’s state of mind and history of mental illness are shown as factors to consider. To properly situate these findings, we therefore define the key elements of a synthesis from the three disciplines used in the study. We came up with the following: 1. There is a sort of an internal progression line and a parallel social time line The relationship between these two line is like lock and key, based on fitness but in a very dynamic setting subject to sudden â€Å"twists and turns† along the way of integration or its opposite alienation. The situation made more complex as social situations are not usually homogenous. Variation in individual progression may not be the same. Alienation then could continue with the social situation for the individual deteorating as well because of its regression into greater alienation. 2. Reason for living There are levels of ideation, fairness for example is simpler than being just and in the same manner looking at life as a skill of how to handle the complex of emotion and reasoning in relation to social information daily being processed and given the vulnerabilities, intervention could be crafted and social vectors who or which will carry it out properly identified, invited and oriented. The purpose is not really educational or mentoring but engagement in real life social situations. Gaining insights in preventing suicides Taking bits of wisdom from different disciplines affords a view of world against a new light and in concerns such as suicide; a fundamental realization of the value of life in contrast to losing the reason for living is of paramount importance. Combining psychology, sociology and religious perspective gave us this opportunity (Table 1). Table 1. Generated insights used in the study from the three disciplines Discipline Insights Psychology The perception of self could be more decisive than the nature of self as determinant of action. Perception is a product of cognition. Suicide is a form of self annihilation. Could be a product of â€Å"dark cognition† Sociology Group setting is integral in developing self. The value system is as fundamental as the relational in group or social networks. Suicide as a syndrome has social context, a form of conflict resolution which is acceptable in some cultures (Masada, Seppuku in Japanese culture). Religion The value of life is above life. The objective of life is purification. Suicide is a sin not on life but a sin of arrogance that life is for us to take. A continuing exploration on life There is that saying that life is always a search for completion and which forms one of the great motivations in human development. In the same vein, this effort is an exploration traversing perhaps what Kolberg’s describe as the higher stages. The integration of the different perspectives may not be perfect as each of the disciplines have their own attributes which could be taken as either strength or weaknesses (Table 2). Table 2. Strengths and weaknesses of the three disciplines used in this study Discipline Strengths Weaknesses Psychology Probes into the nature of self and will on human behavior including dark acts such as suicide. The apparent stand off in the nature and cognition Sociology Relates self and social processes of integration or alienation Unpredictability of human behavior or dynamic shifts. Social senses may not be keen enough and sensitive enough to notice risk situations or situations leading to suicides. Religion Externalization of the value and meaning of life. Morally grounded. Tendency to mystification of mundane and human nature.

CRJS300 U5IP Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

CRJS300 U5IP - Research Paper Example This case relates to the U.S juvenile justice system. There are legal provisions enshrined in our constitution’s rights in form of Miranda, warning (Nissen, 2007) which bestow some rights to juveniles during their arrest by articulating their rights and privileges. When a child is referred or arrested to the juvenile court system, various processes and procedures take place before the case is determined and heard before the juvenile court. As an attorney specialized in the matters of the juvenile court, I will ensure that I achieve the best possible outcome for Mrs. I’s teenager but by first letting, the due processes of law court take place. A police apprehends the minor: Juvenile court matters come to the courts system when a police officer apprehends a juvenile for violating a school official, guardian, parent, or statute. Given Mrs., I’s minor stole the car; I would recommend the officer to take the minor into custody to avoid mob justice. Intake: The juvenile court’s intake office determines whether further due process is necessary by evaluating the case to determine if there is sufficient evidence to continue with the case, the minor should be sent to a social service agency, or should the case be determined in the juvenile court system. Given the circumstances surrounding the case, evidence for prosecution of the minor is in the public domain, I would thus; recommend for a hearing in court. Detention: If there is insufficient evidence, gathered by the intake officer, the minor may be released to the guardian, parent or detained in a minor correctional center pending the court’s decision (Patterns and Trends in Juvenile Crime and Juvenile Justice, 2012). However, if the intake person finds the hearing of the case is not necessary, an arrangement can be organized to have minor assisted by mental health facilities, school counselors, or youth service agencies. Since the evidence to

I don't know yet Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

I don't know yet - Term Paper Example Jazz music is a renowned form of music and it attained huge acceptance and reception at the time of its initiation till date. Jazz has the legacy to turn and immune people through its massive and colossal impact. The inception of this form of music took place at Southern States of America. Throughout then, Jazz music has influenced the masses and it has emerged in all parts of the world. African Americans basically introduced this form of music in the 20th century. This form is also known as the duet of European and African music forms. After its commencement into the music industry, different musicians of the world added various numerations to it so that it would be more delightful and enjoyable. The purpose of this paper is to signify the radical changes that have been made to Jazz music through its inception till date. How this field emerged and what momentous impact this has brought to the society. It also discusses the essential diversification in various counties, development phase in Africa and the modern jazz conception these days. The paper does not discuss only the historic perspective but it gives a horizon to grasp the real essence of jazz music. The origins of jazz music inception can be tracked down into the year 1808 when a large majority of slaves came to United States. These slaves brought their cultural norms, traditions and values into America and mystical music form was one of it. They observed the scenario prevailing in United States regarding music and for cultural collision; they developed a unique and prestigious form of music. This form of music was widely accepted among the masses due to its elegant tone and melody. People were easily able to grasp the true spirit of this music. This was a big success by the African immigrants (Thompson, p.29). The duet of African, European and American music was the real innovative thing brought from this music. African slaves visited festivals of America to

Planning (Local Development Framework) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Planning (Local Development Framework) - Essay Example Local Development Framework (LDF)- This is essentially a folder of documents outlining the spatial planning development strategy of a local area. These are prepared by the district councils, unitary authorities and local park authorities. LDF and RSS together shall shape the development planning system in a community. One key aspect of the new system is the role of local community involvement in the plan making process. The Local Development Framework (LDF) will include several Development Plan Documents (DPDs) and a number of Supplementary Planning Documents (SPDs). The Development Plan Documents, along with the Mayor of London's London Plan, Development Plan and will be the basis upon which all planning decisions are made. The main DPDs in LDF are as follows: Statement of Community Involvement (SCI) - this document sets out how and when the communities and local stakeholders will participate in the revision of local planning documents as well as consideration of planning applications. The most important benefit of SCI would be "front loading" which basically means that communities get the opportunity to participate in planning process and make a difference at the very beginning of each document development. Ready access to information, active contribution from the stakeholders and regular feedback make it vibrant. Essentially SCI addresses the following : Local Development SIssues on which the community involvement is being sought-The entire range of local development documents on which community shall be involved. Methodology of community involvement- The process of receiving and spreading of information, policy and plan development procedures and feedback process. Who to involve- To ensure that even those groups who do not get involved in planning process are involved so that the participation is truly broad based. Annual Monitoring Report- Assessment report of the progress and effectiveness of an LDF submitted to the government by a local planning authority. It will include critical analysis of the following: Achievement of objectives as per the policies especially delivery of sustainable development. Consequences of the policies as intended or not. Relevance of objectives and assumptions behind the policies. Achievement of targets as set out in LDF Range of local and standard (Core output) indicators. Recommendation on adjustment to local development scheme if needed. Local Development Scheme- This is the scheme of the local development documents (LDDs) which will be produced giving their time and order of production. It is the threshold for the community and local stakeholders to know: about the planning polices of the authority for a particular place or an issue. status of those policies details and timetable for production of all the documents which comprise Local Development Framework over a three year time period. Other optional documents may include Supplementary Planning Documents (which explain the LDDs or add details to them) and Local Development Orders (which extend permitted rights for a particular form of development) or Simplified Development Zones (Areas where growth needs to be stimulated by granting waiver of planning fees or the need for a formal application) It was found that the existing documents were too detailed and complicated for the general public to understand. These actually hampered public participation rather than encourage it. In order to address these issues and to educate & inform general

Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Economy - Essay Example The liquidity crunch was the effect of fall in production due to the global financial crisis. Due to the debt crisis, there was shortage of liquidity for which the employment level was affected for which the income level of the people was reduced (Allen, 1999, p.35). Due to fall in the income level and availability of funds, the spending of the people was also lowered. A lower level of spending gave rise to fall in demand in the economy and the sale of products and services also shattered for the companies. The decrease in sale of products and services led to increase in inventory and the revenue earned by the companies and their profitability were lowered. This forced the businesses to reduce their total productive capacities as a result of which the total goods and services in Europe was lowered. Thus the gross domestic product of the European Union was lowered with the European national producing goods and services at a much lesser volume. The reduction in the GDP of the European economy again fuelled the lowering of income levels, subsequent spending and further production in the economy. This could be explained from the circular flow of income as given below. The output produced by the firms determines the productivity level in the economy. This output is determined by the expenditures or the level of spending of the households. The level of spending of the household again depends on the income levels. This income level is determined according to the payments of wages by the firms to their employees who are the household earners. The payment is done for receipt of services required for production of goods. Thus all the above activities in the economy are linked by a circular flow of income. The flow of money in the economy is also contributed by the net government spending. The net government spending is the difference between actual amount spent by the government and the amount earned by the government through levy of taxes. Due to fall in demand of the e conomy, the government spending also reduced in order to maintain a balance with the tax income. The tax income is lowered as there is a fall in the income level of the population. The governments of European Union designed appropriate monetary and fiscal policies to rescue the economy from the staged of recession (Mishkin, 2007, p.25). The interest rates were revised and subsidies were received to boost the income level and production of the economy. Due to the fall in demand in the economy, the net exports also suffered due to reduction in productive capacities which affected the balance of payments and the foreign exchange earnings. This created an impact on the currency conversion rates of Euro. Consequences of drop in demand for Fitnesse Due to the drop in demand in the economy and reduction in spending of the people, the business and profitability of Fitnesse have shown signs of vulnerability. Fitnesse is a centre for recreation and sporting activities that provides excellent infrastructural facilities to its members and also organises tournaments on squash and lifestyle sessions. The centre provides personal fitness training facilities, swimming pool, gymnasiums, body massage and maintenance facilities, restaurants and bars for health and recreation. These

Perspectives From West Africa Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Perspectives From West Africa - Movie Review Example The people interviewed to comment on various topics that range from the menace of apes destroying crops to butchers discussing their business. According to Aguibou Yansane, â€Å"The film depicts a lot of truths often avoided by more high profile documentaries and news reports in and on Africa.   It shows Africans as humane and striving to do well like all other human beings†. This documentary is divided into four parts. Each part explores a different country and dwells on different issues. In the first part Senegalese give their opinions on September 11, the United States foreign policy, Osama Bin Laden, former President Bill Clinton and George Bush. These opinions represent a wide spectrum and are valuable as Dakar, where the scenes are shot one year after September 11, is the vibrant capital of a pro-western, democratic country with ninety percent of its population being Muslims. The second part is about The Gambia. The Gambia is ranked almost at the bottom of the world’s economic indexes. However, people visiting Serekunda are surprised when they see the vigorous activity in the sprawling shops and marketplace. This is because even to earn a few dollars (local currency of Gambia) one has to be in the marketplace. In this part of the film, various small-scale entrepreneurs of The Gambia tell in their own words, how they "make their dalasi" in mar ketplaces. Part three is about the successes and challenges of community-based conservation projects that are aimed at providing protection to the natural environment as well as the economic development of the local communities in the forest regions of southern Guinea-Bissau. It includes viewpoints of a variety of local people like the vice-president of a local women’s association, the director of a community radio station, a government forestry worker, a local chief, a hunter, etc. The film also has rare footage of Africa’s chimpanzee.

Factors that effect college learning Research Paper

Factors that effect college learning - Research Paper Example This paper attempts to explore all these factors with the help of credible research and then relate the ideas unfolded by research to the process of learning initiated by joining colleges. It should be understood how the negative practice of seeing students as customers only and not knowledge seekers by many college administrators is responsible for decline in college learning and how very demanding parents or students who have their interests based on vocational training alone also interfere with the true spirit of learning process. Understanding the role played by different factors is important as even â€Å"high-achieving students seem less able to grapple with issues that require them to think across disciplines or reflect on difficult questions about what matters and why† (Wilson). The colleges should guarantee such education that students could enlighten the world later on with their charismatic leadership and high moral behavior. â€Å"Students and others pay us lots of money, and we should try treat them respectfully, efficiently, and in a way that satisfies them† (Levine). This practice of seeing students only as customers who could be manipulated and used for the benefit of the administrators by asking them to make big commitments in terms of money on part of the colleges and the practice of viewing colleges solely as vocational training providers on part of students and parents should be abandoned as both these features collectively form a very negative influencer of good learning. Students turn to business schools so that they could be treated there as future business leaders and those schools â€Å"should not, in the words of one of my colleagues, plop students down as pre-M.B.A. goo and then orchestrate an experience from which good customer f eedback is sought† (Snyder, cited in THE EDITORS). It is a deplorable reality and a matter of great concern that the type of undergraduate

The impact on Life Expectancy Essay Example for Free

The impact on Life Expectancy Essay AIDS has also caused the life expectancy rate to fall by 5 years since the start in 1900s. In Swaziland life expectancy has fallen to 33 which would have been 66 if there was no AIDS. Life expectancy also affects child mortality as there are many children who are born with the infection. Adults between the age group of 20 and 49 years are the worst affected. This group is about 60% of the sub-Saharan population which has increased from 20% between 1985 and 1900. This affects the prime working years of an adults life. This also removes the very people who could be responding to treatments and healthcare. The Economic Impact AIDS has affected the human development by impacting laborers, households and companies. It therefore damages the economy and the country finds it difficult to handle the epidemic. HIV and AIDS reduces the labour supply and increases mortality and illnesses. The government income also falls, tax revenues are cut and they are forced to spend more on dealing with the spread of the economy. The epidemic affects diversification of industries, exports and foreign investments which is very important for a country’s progress. Most of the countries struggle to meet their economic measures because they are still struggling with the epidemic as their GDP is affected which builds over a period of time. The ARV coverage of the drug needs to expand and reach more people than the economic growth rate will not reduce that fast. The Future impact of HIV/AIDS In future the aids epidemic will continue to expand because work in progress has not been able to sufficiently arrest the spread of the crisis. Domestic as well as international agencies are doing their best to extend healthcare and treatment to the millions affected with aids worldwide. Many people affected with AIDS are still not receiving the necessary treatments and campaigns have been unsuccessful in preventing new infections. The progress of the general development of infrastructure largely depends on problems such as poverty and poor public health. The main barrier to Africa’s progress and development is the impact of AIDS on all areas of functionality as discussed before. Africa can look forward to the future only if they can prevent and treat the HIV AIDS epidemic effectively and also care for the people affected by it. Science and Research According to UNAIDS Following are some of the steps in research that is being undertaken to prevent the spread of the HIV AIDS epidemic. The area of biomedical research makes use of humans to test drugs, vaccines and techniques that can be used to cure the epidemic. There are many ethical issues that is attached to it as complexities and advances in the research takes place. The 1964, Declaration of Helsinki sets out ethical guidelines and code of conduct for the research involved such as the use of animals for testing. The use of female condom, help prevent unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases including the spread of HIV. These cheaper brands available have the capacity to be accepted and utilized worldwide. Male circumcision also helps in reducing the spread of sexually transmitted diseases from men to women if it is implemented in the safe way where there is consent. Research also involves the development of microbicide which is a gel or cream which can be applied to the vagina giving women greater control when men don’t want to use condoms. These microbicides will help prevent unwanted pregnancies as well will prevent the spread of the HIV. The other area of research is the use of vaccines. However there are many laboratories and companies involved in its development and are working towards making a breakthrough in the field. Conclusion The impact of the HIV AIDS epidemic is not only restricted to sub-Saharan and African countries but it is an international crisis. The international community along with research companies needs to get more involved in preventing the spread of the epidemic as well as the rehabilitation of the patients that are affected. We need to work more aggressively to arrest the disaster that is waiting to spread across the globe. Works Cited AVERT. ORG. Impact of HIV AIDS on Africa. Viewed on 12 February 2008 and https://www.avert.org/global-hiv-and-aids-statistics

Use of Lidocaine and Sodium Thiopental for Pain Management

Use of Lidocaine and Sodium Thiopental for Pain Management Different premedication admixture with propofol to attenuate pain severityinduced by propofol injection: a double blind randomized controlled clinical trial Abstract Background and Objective Propofol has widely used due to providing pleasant anesthesia and rapid recovery. However; injection pain is one of the main side effects of a propofol that has remained as an undesirable problem. This study compares the effect of thiopental, lidocaine, fentanyl , normal saline admixture with propofol compared with only propofol on injection pain induced by propofol Materials and methods A double blind randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 257 patients that were randomly allocated to one of five groups to receive only 2mg/kg of Propofol type Fresenius One percent in group I, 2 cc of Lidocaine 1% in group II, 2 ml of Normal Saline 0.09% in group III, 50 mg Sodium Thiopental in Group IV and Group V were injected 100Â µg Fentanyl before injection of Propofol. Verbal Rating Scale was used for assessing pain. Results A significant decrease in pain severity during injection was achieved in group II (lidocaine ) and IV (Thiopental) compared to other groups. Fentanyl was also effective in reducing moderate pain. Conclusion: We found that Thiopental and lidocaine reduce more effectively incidence and pain severity than other groups. It seems that aforementioned drugs bee more appropriate as an alternative method to diminish propofol injection pain than others treatment in this study. Key Word: propofol, injection pain, premedication Introduction Preoperative care cause satisfaction for patient in recent years(1)Propofol is the drug that has attained popularity which has widely used owing to its fast onset time ,short-acting duration , and trivial adverse effects (2) despite these favorable attributes, the prevalence of injection pain has been reported 68-90% and has been ranked seventh among the 33 undesirable clinical problem in anesthesia(3-6). Injection pain severity was reported 5.6 Â ± 2.3 by measuring system of Visual Analog Scale , which represents unfavorable pain (7). Up to now, different ways have been studied and recommended to reduce the incidence and pain severity of Propofol injection. Among various methods, emollient of Propofol (8, 9) and using numerous drugs including Lidocaine (10), Thiopental(11) ,Alfentanil (12) and Gransytron or Ondansetron(13)can be noted. There are different emollients of Propofol in Iran such as Fresenius Propofol 1% which has a side branch of a long triglyceride (LCT) and Lipuro Pro pofol 1% which has side branches of medium and long triglyceride (MCT/LCT) ,that is assuming that later one is more effective in reducing injection pain(14). Lidocaine as a local anesthetic inhibits the beginning and conduction of nervous impulses by decreasing the penetration of nerve membrane to Na+. It prevents the membrane depolarization, effluence and conduction of potential . It’s systemic absorption is rapid via skin and phlegm (throat, respiratory system) (15).Fentanyl is a drug which usually used as a premedication, because of the rapid and short onset, intense analgesia, Stable cardiovascular hemodynamic as well as less histamine release (16). Thiopental from barbiturate family causes hypotension but has a high ability to protect nerves and control ICP (17). Ondansetron is a modern antiemetic drug which is chosen as the antagonist of Hydroxyl Triptamin type 3. This drug reduces nausea and vomiting and its complications are also very low(18). Different advantages of aforementioned drugs for pain persuaded us to use them to understand that how much they can reduce propofol injection pain and which one is more effective. Methods: A double blind randomized controlled clinical trial was performed on 257 patients, after obtaining confirmation from both Golestan University of medical science and 5th Azar hospital ethical committee approval. Signed written consent was taken from all subjects before surgery. Including criteria were patient aged between 15 to 55 years old with ASA ÃŽâ„¢, ΙΙ (American Society Anesthesiologist) that candidated for elective surgery, such as bowel obstruction, hernia, laparatomy , during 1390 to 5th Azar educational hospital in Gorgan, northeast of Iran. Alcohol consumption or taking any pain medication during 24 hours before surgery, a history of neurological disease, chronic pain syndrome, thrombofelebit, advanced systemic disease (such as advanced diabetes), and any contraindication based on injection of Propofol led to patient withdrawal from the study. Measuring patients pain using VRS (Verbal Rating Scale) from zero to three which has been developed by MC Hunter and Crirrick. Detail shown in (table 1). After patient’s entering into the operation room ,a No. 20 cannula were inserted in the biggest vein in no dominate hand. (without injection of a local anesthetic) and was connected to normal saline solution (without start of infusion). Difference between the two independent proportion formula calculated 24 samples for each group, however, considering five groups in our study, adjusted for sampling (19) was calculated, (= = 2*24 = 48 48*5= 245 ) g assume as the number of groups that 245 samples calculated. To achieve as s ame power as parametric tests we also used the efficiency power of nonparametric test, so that the sample size was multiplied by inverse 95 percent (20)which finally 260 samples was considered. Simple randomization allocation method was used to assign patients into five groups, so that five envelopes which containing the name of drugs was prepared and one out of five randomly selected for a patient and this approach repeated for all patients. In the first group (53 patients) 2mg/kg of Propofol type Fresenius One percent (MCT/LCT) was injected. In the second group (50 patients), 2 cc of Lidocaine 1% before use of Propofol was injected . The third group (48 patients), received 2 ml of normal saline 0.09% before the injection of Propofol .Group IV (54 patients) 50 mg Sodium Thiopental before injection of Propofol type Fresenius was injected. Group V (55 patients) also received 100Â µg Fentanyl before injection of Propofol. The place of injection is the dorsal vein of the hand. None of the patients received premedication and they were asked about the pain in injection place, 5-10 seconds after injection of 25% of anesthetic induction dose. And it was inscribed in questionnaire and after lessening the level of patients’ consciousness the rest of the anesthetics were injected. Anesthesia method were be same in all patients. The Propofol we wanted to use kept at room temperature (21 centigrade). Patients and the anesthesia nurse who filled out the questionnaires won’t know about the injected solution. And there is no chance to distinguish the solutions because they had the same color, volume and also the same shape. The first anesthesia nurse prepared the medication and injected by the second anesthesia nurse, the measure of pain and discomfort in hand examined by third anesthesia nurses and the questionnaire filled out by the fourth anesthesia nurse .To determine the relationship between premeditation and a measure of the pain Mann-Whitney and Kruskal- Walis test was used and demographic feature was also compared using ANOVA and Chi Square test with Spss 11.5. Results 257 out of a total 260 participated patients were analyzed in our study and 3 cases due to lack of condition were exclude. Characteristic of study subject including age, gender, weight and ASA physical status were presented in table2. No statistically significant difference saw in demographic characteristics of all groups and were comparable. (Table 2)(p>0.05)The overall and detailed of pain incidence shown for all groups in (table 3).Pain intensity at propofol injection in lidocaine and thiopental groups was much lower than three other groups especially in severe pain however fentanyl were also better than normal saline combined with propofol and using propofol only. No patient experienced spo2 less than 95% and heart rate lower than 50/min. No complication and adverse effect (eg, pain, allergic reaction, inflammation, edema, wheal ) were observed at the injection location 24 h after surgery. There was no conflict of interest . Discussion Pain during propofol injection causes anxiety and can interfere an appropriate anesthesia. Pain during Propofol injection mechanism is not well known yet, But it is suggested that perhaps a direct stimulating effect causes the immediate feeling of pain, or an indirect effect dependent on mediators release lead to begin pain.(15) dilatory pain (after 10 to 20 seconds) results from an indirect effect on the endothelium owing to the release of Cyanogens(21). Fat-soluble causes the increased activity of plasma’s kallikrein-kini system that leads to production of bradykinin. These interactions cause dilation and increased permeability in the peripheral veins, lead to an increase in Aqueous phase of Propofol with the endothelium and free efferent nerve endings between the media and intima of vessel wall and eventually cause pain (22). Finally we can say Propofol is a kind of drugs which stimulate skin, phlegm and inner vein wall(23). Gozal and Freeman (24-26) have debated, confined area size between the endothelium and drug is more influential than absolute drug concentration. A various method such as temperature(27) dilution(28) concurrent use of drugs(29-31) , give a variety to speed injection(32) has been used to attenuate propofol injection pain but different lidokaine dose and technique mostly use to attenuate for such pain (33)Analgesia results of Lidocaine in pain reduction following Propofol injection is not only because of it’s local analgesia but also it causes the decrease in Propofol Ph, and according to a hypothesis, Ph decrease causes Propofol moving into lipid phase and decrease Propofol in Aqueous phase and therefore lead to decreasing pain.(34, 35). In the present study, injection of Lidocaine before Propofol injection leading reduction in pain that the findings are compatible with other studies (23, 26, 36) but with the exception that their doses which were more than ours. Nevertheless controversy still exists (37) maybe for using higher dose in our study . The effect of Sodium Thiopental in pain reduction was accorded with other s tudies (8, 35, 38, 39). Fentanyl is also diminishes such pain but not as much as lidocaine and thiopental that is consistent in diminishing pain with others investigations (40-42) Conclusion This study finding shows that use of Lidocaine and Sodium Thiopental in comparison with other medications cause more reduction in pain especially in severe pains but lidocaine is more available cheaper than thiopental . Although no significant observed between some groups in pain reduction but pay attention to our founding in frequency of pain suggest using propofol with any premedication even normal saline better than injected propofol alone.

HSBC Bank Mortgage Policies Analysis

HSBC Bank Mortgage Policies Analysis INTRODUCTION: Home is the need of every human being and having their own home is dream of every human being. In the United Kingdom price of the houses are very high and it is not possible for every citizen to buy their own home without taking financial help from financial organization like banks or building societies. When bank or a building society helps someone financially by providing loan, so that a citizen is able to buy his/her own home is called mortgage. In other words we can say a mortgage represents a loan on a property or house that has to be paid over a specified period of time. As financial help is always needed for smooth run of ones life so for the convenience of the people there are many financial organizations such as banks help the people financially, who want to buy their own home and property. So mortgage was introduced by the banks, from which people can get financial help so that one is able to buy his/her own home and property. Mortgage system is very popular among the people of the United Kingdom because this is the only way to buy their own property. As we know that the mortgage is that sum of money which is borrowed from the Bank or Building Society for buying a property and that borrowed amount has to be paid back with principle plus interest within fixed time period. Today mortgage has great importance as it is the only way with the help of which people are able to buy their own property. This dissertation report is based on the theory of research over the mortgage system of HSBC Bank and specifying the various strategies and policies of thei r mortgage system. The purpose of this report is to critically evaluate the mortgage system of HSBC Bank. Company Background: HSBC Bank has its headquarters in London. HSBC took its name from the Hong Kong and Shanghai Corporation which was founded in 1865 to finance trade between China and Europe. HSBC is one of the largest banking and financial services organization in the world. HSBC has 8,000 offices globally. HSBC Bank is one of the major clearing banks in the United Kingdom having more assets than any other bank. The business ranges from the traditional High Street roles of personal finance and commercial banking, to private banking, consumer finance as well as corporate and investment banking. HSBC is listed on the stock exchanges of London, Hong Kong, New York, Paris having around 220,000 shareholders in 119 countries and territories. HSBC has 1500 branches in United Kingdom. HSBC Bank plc is incorporated in England and Wales and established at 8 Canada Square, London E14 5HQ which is its Registered Office. This bank is regulated by the Financial Services Authority and is registered in the Financial Services Authority Register with the Registration Number: 114216. HSBC Bank is member of the Financial Ombudsman Scheme. Literature Review: A mortgage is a conveyance of land or an assignment of chattels as a security for payment of a debt or the discharge of some other obligation for which it is given. This is the idea of a mortgage; and the security is redeemable on the payment or discharge of such debt or obligation, any provision to the contrary notwithstanding (Stanley Wilde 1899) Per Lindley MR. The mortgage is derived from the two words i.e. mort and gage which means dead pledge. The mortgage is usually signed by the borrower and agreed before a public notary and is recorded with the County Recorder. In the mortgage system if the mortgagor fails to pay the installment then the lender has right to close out the mortgage and can sale the property to get the payment for future.(Jack P Friedman, 2003 p.173-204) The mortgage is a  loan  to  finance  for the  purchase  of  real estate, with a specified interest rates and fixed payment time period. The  borrower (mortgagor) gives the  lender  (mortgagee) a  lien  on the property  as  collateral  for the loan. People can borrow money to buy a home and pay interest on the mortgage to the lender (Bank or Building Society). The Lender (Bank) uses borrowers property as security for the loan. This term means that if the borrower fails to pay the monthly installment then lender (Bank) may repossess property. An individual can apply for mortgage from any bank like HSBC, Lloyds TSB, Barclays, and Santander or from Nationwide (Building Society) or from Islamic Bank of Britain. The mortgage makes very easier to pay the huge amount in the monthly installment for the fixed time depends on the mortgage plan. (Jack Guttentag, 2004). The mortgage which suits you the best depends on many parameters which mainly include your risk enduring capacity, your personal financial goals and capabilities and your income. In the presence of so many options and offers present in the market it can surely become a daunting task to select the best mortgage option for you. Considering your dilemma we at finance-strategy.com came up with some useful tit bits which when kept in mind can surely help you make a wise decision towards taking a mortgage. An adjustable rate mortgage is perfect for those situations where you have to stay in that house for a short period of time and when the interest rates in the market are low and are expected to stay so too during the coming times. On the other hand a fixed rate mortgage fits those situations where in you decide to won that house for a longer period of time and the interest rates too are very high at the moment with chances of volatility in the near future. A fixed interest cushions you against these turbulent conditions. The advantages and disadvantages of mortgages will surely take us a step closer towards deciding it for sure if taking a mortgage is the best solution for your situation. Advantages: The most important advantage associated with a mortgage is the fact that it allows us to retain the ownership of our property and at the same time helps us in getting financial aid too. There is no need for one to sell or let go of his property to seek some money in exchange. In a mortgage the lender does not receive any share in the ownership of the property but is only entitled to take back the principal amount and the interest accumulated on the principal amount lent by him to you. the lender can only claim ownership on your property in case you default on the repayment schedule. The other benefit associated with mortgage is the fact that the interest payments on the mortgage are tax free in nature. Since the schedules of repayment are pre fixed and decided it allows you to plan your financials and expenses accordingly thereby simplifying the entire process for you. By availing a mortgage you now have access to cash flow which you were not having in normal conditions and can now use it to fulfill your needs and requirements. Disadvantages: The need of depositing collateral as security works out to be the biggest drawback of mortgages. It restricts the kind of people who can avail a mortgage as only home owners or other asset owners can do so. Also, in case that you default on your payment the lender has the right to claim the property deposited by you as collateral and then subsequently sell it off to claim back the loaned amount he had given you. You have to ensure while taking the mortgage that there is a clause mentioned therein that on repayment of the mortgage the lender has to release the ownership title submitted to him by you. The lender as per his convenience can define several events which he mat term as a default and generally includes inability to pay back the loan, bankruptcy, insolvency or any breach in the mortgage agreement. Therefore the risk of you ending up losing your property increases substantially. Repayment Of Mortgages There are two methods of repaying mortgage, one can choose from these two methods according to ones personal circumstances. Capital Repayment: With a capital repayment plan, monthly payment covers the interest charged on mortgage and it also reduces the outstanding balance each month in line with the term selected. With this repayment plan, one can ensure mortgage is fully paid off at the end of the mortgage period. What we get with the repayment option: Interest and capital repaid monthly payment covers the interest and also reduces the total balance outstanding Secure providing all payments are made, the mortgage will be repaid in full at the end of the agreed mortgage term Choose your repayment term up to a maximum of 30 years. Capital repayment is a repayment option on all of our mortgage products fixed rate, tracker and discount mortgages. Interest only: With an interest only option, monthly payment covers only the interest charged on mortgage, freeing up cash to spend elsewhere or to invest to pay off mortgage at the end of the mortgage term. By repaying only the interest on mortgage, monthly repayments are lower than with an equivalent capital repayment mortgage. What we get with the Interest only option: Interest only the monthly payment covers just the interest and the original capital amount borrowed remains outstanding throughout the term of the loan Lower monthly payments because capital is not repayed, monthly payments will be lower than with a capital repayment mortgage Long repayment term up to a maximum of 40 years Lower borrowing limit up to a maximum of 75% of the purchase price or the valuation of property (whichever is lower) Availability Interest only loans are restricted to home buyers or customers remortgaging from a competitor. Not available to existing customers borrowing further funds. Mortgage products of HSBC Bank Fixed Rate Mortgages: Repayments are fixed for the duration of the fixed term, and because it doesnt vary, monthly repayments remain the same regardless of what happens to interest rates HSBC currently offers fixed-rate mortgages over 2 and 5 year periods. At the end of the period mortgage will revert to the HSBC Variable Rate unless borrower decide to move to another product Feature Fixed Rate Interest Type Fixed Interest Calculated Daily Yes Unlimited over payments without incurring a charge No Early repayment charge Yes Extended tie in period No Exit fee No Can loan can be port if a person move home Yes In Fixed Rate Mortgages early repayment charge applies during the fixed rate period, and if we increase our standard monthly payment by more than 20% or repay, by any other method, the whole or any part of the mortgage, over and above your standard monthly payment during your fixed rate period Tracker Mortgages: The tracker interest we pay is an agreed percentage above the Bank of Englands Base rate. As the base rate rises and falls, the tracker will track these changes, and so rise and fall accordingly. This will affect the monthly payments HSBC Tracker mortgages are Lifetime trackers, in that they track the Base rate for the lifetime of the loan. Therefore we do not have to worry about coming to the end of a deal, and subsequently switching, with the associated costs. Should Base rates rise you can select to move to a fixed rate where booking fees may be payable. Feature Fixed Rate Interest Type Variable Interest Calculated Daily Yes Unlimited over payments without incurring a charge Yes Early repayment charge No Extended tie in period No Exit fee No Can loan can be port if a person move home Yes Discount Mortgages: A discount mortgage is a variable rate mortgage that offers an interest rate that is a discount off the HSBC Variable Rate for an agreed period (e.g. 2 years). With a discount mortgage, monthly payments will go up and down as the HSBC Variable Rate rises and falls. The HSBC Variable Rate is a rate that is internally set by HSBC. An early repayment charge applies during the discounted rate period, and if we increase our standard monthly payment by more than 20% or repay, by any other method, the whole or any part of the mortgage, over and above our standard monthly payment during your discounted rate period. Feature Fixed Rate Interest Type Variable Interest Calculated Daily Yes Unlimited over payments without incurring a charge No Early repayment charge Yes Extended tie in period No Exit fee No Can loan can be port if a person move home Yes GOVT STATISTICS: According to the government statistics the Mortgage Rescue Scheme used to monitor the statistics which usually gives information on the number of householders with having the mortgage difficulties. This scheme has two main elements: Government Mortgage to Rent and â‚ ¬Ã‹Å"Shared Equity The figures which are presented by Government Office Region are usually based on this scheme and submitted to Local Government by local authorities and communities. Local authority figures do not contain estimates for missing returns. Information on the local authority response rate is provided alongside the reported figures for each period. Figures for different periods are shown on separate tabs in the workbook. This is under the Ministry of Justice and the council of mortgage lenders. (www.communities.gov.uk/publications/corporate/statistics/mortgagerescuestatistics2010) Mortgage and landlord possession statistics (NS) 13 March 2010 Quarterly National Statistics on possession actions issued in county courts by mortgage lenders and social and private landlords in England and Wales. This is released quarterly by the ministry of justice and in relation with UK statistics authority. Justification: As having the field of banking I am quite interesting in reviewing the different strategies followed by the banks in the various fields. Moreover it is accessible for me to collect the information regarding my topic as my friend is serving for the both banks. From them I can get the required data regarding my dissertation. The reason behind choosing this topic is that I can get a direction for my future perspective by having the detailed study of this topic. RESEARCH QUESTIONS: The most important parts of the research needed to be covered are as follow:- What are the major resemblances among commercial mortgage in the Britain? What are the considerations customers should employ when choosing a mortgage product? RESEARCH OBJECTIVES: The below mentioned aims are set up on the foundation of planned research questions: To study the different mortgage products of HSBC Bank To recognize the important advantages of the HSBC mortgages over the other commercial mortgages system in the country, To discover the suitable measure. RESEARCH METHOD: Research plan is very important the main component of the research method. In this research method we will give the fundamental sketch of complete research scheme. Research method is the basic initiation of the entire research in it will plan that the how and when the research will be completed and what actions are required to accomplish this task.   This section aims to explain the type of research methods that would be used for the analysis of the proposed company. The results of the research would indicate the range of services that need to be offered, and the suitability of these services for the target market.  Moore (2000)  explains how the methods used will be influenced by constraints, such as time and money. It is important to consider all the methods available and choose a method that is most likely to achieve the objective of the research. Inductive and deductive Approach: RESEARCH OPINION: In the research onion is used to define the whole process of research strategy in detail the generic research process â‚ ¬Ã‹Å"onion support the researchers and give them the direction to do work. (Saunders et al, 2000) There are the different layers which represents the following aspects of the Research Methodology. Research Philosophy Research Approach Research Strategy Time Horizons Data Collection Methods Primary and Secondary Research   Primary data is that type of information which is new and that hasnt been used or collected before. On the other hand the secondary data is that information which has been collected earlier, by some other sources for their own purpose and can used by others for their convenience .(Saunders et al. 1997). Secondary research is also very important for the establishment of data and the collection of data for the current issues and this also helps to discover the relevant studies which can be carried in the past time. Advantages and disadvantages of primary and secondary research methods Primary Research Advantages: This can be used by face to face conversation in the form of interviews or by the telephonic interview. This is used by the help of technology by using mobile phones and through internet communication. A large group of people can be cover in many areas. Wider coverage of geographical areas. This method is cheaper one. . Disadvantages: There are problems to prepare it. The Questions put in this are generally easy to answer. Lower response for the historic things. Time consuming. Secondary Research Advantages: This is time saving method. This can be used by any firm for the research. Sometime this depends upon the type of research which has to be conducted, for that case their advantages and disadvantages vary. Probably accurate. Disadvantages The main disadvantage is that there is no up to date and is collected over the time. And there may be changes in that data which has to be updated. Data may be in unsuitable format. The data is free to all and there no competitive advantages the organisation (Ghauri and Gronhaug, 2002) Qualitative and Quantitative Research   The table below outlines the differences between qualitative and quantitative data: Qualitative Quantitative This research is based on words which are expressed in meaning. Based on derived  from numbers and data. Results collected are non-standardized and data require classification into categories and not in the numerical form. Result of collection is in the numerical form and data is standardized. Conceptualism is used for conduct the analysis. Analysis conducted through there is use   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Of diagrams and statistics. (Dey (1993); Healey and Rawlinson (1994), cited in Saunders et al (2003)) SELECTION OF METHOD: As I have the topic of mortgage system it will be suitable for my topic if I will go through mixture of both approaches i.e. both secondary and primary resources. This will be helpful in collecting the relevant data according to the need and will be useful in going to the depth of the research. On my part it is valuable to go through by considering the research onion. Regarding this I will concern both approaches for my research given by (Saunders and Thornhill in 2000). ETHICS: The main source of data collection methods for my research is quantitative method which is useful for collecting the facts and figure for my research. Moreover I have contacts in the both banks for collecting the information. The manager Of HSBC Bank is in contact with me and he agreed to assist me in providing information as per my requirement. In order to make my research more accurate I will use the secondary data and primary data sources as well. By this I can get all the information regarding the mortgage system of the both banks with the required form of data in order to take the comparison of the policies given by the both banks for the mortgage system they provided to their customers. For the guidelines I will do all the work under my supervisor and take suggestion and help of my supervisor time to time to complete my dissertation. SCOPE: The topic of mortgage system has wider scope in the present time as there is a great demand for the mortgage products in the current market position. The theory of my topic is controllable therefore I can do better by keep in mind the wider scope of my study. Even this will help me in future to get the good job in Banking Industry. HSBC Bank Mortgage Policies Analysis HSBC Bank Mortgage Policies Analysis INTRODUCTION: Home is the need of every human being and having their own home is dream of every human being. In the United Kingdom price of the houses are very high and it is not possible for every citizen to buy their own home without taking financial help from financial organization like banks or building societies. When bank or a building society helps someone financially by providing loan, so that a citizen is able to buy his/her own home is called mortgage. In other words we can say a mortgage represents a loan on a property or house that has to be paid over a specified period of time. As financial help is always needed for smooth run of ones life so for the convenience of the people there are many financial organizations such as banks help the people financially, who want to buy their own home and property. So mortgage was introduced by the banks, from which people can get financial help so that one is able to buy his/her own home and property. Mortgage system is very popular among the people of the United Kingdom because this is the only way to buy their own property. As we know that the mortgage is that sum of money which is borrowed from the Bank or Building Society for buying a property and that borrowed amount has to be paid back with principle plus interest within fixed time period. Today mortgage has great importance as it is the only way with the help of which people are able to buy their own property. This dissertation report is based on the theory of research over the mortgage system of HSBC Bank and specifying the various strategies and policies of thei r mortgage system. The purpose of this report is to critically evaluate the mortgage system of HSBC Bank. Company Background: HSBC Bank has its headquarters in London. HSBC took its name from the Hong Kong and Shanghai Corporation which was founded in 1865 to finance trade between China and Europe. HSBC is one of the largest banking and financial services organization in the world. HSBC has 8,000 offices globally. HSBC Bank is one of the major clearing banks in the United Kingdom having more assets than any other bank. The business ranges from the traditional High Street roles of personal finance and commercial banking, to private banking, consumer finance as well as corporate and investment banking. HSBC is listed on the stock exchanges of London, Hong Kong, New York, Paris having around 220,000 shareholders in 119 countries and territories. HSBC has 1500 branches in United Kingdom. HSBC Bank plc is incorporated in England and Wales and established at 8 Canada Square, London E14 5HQ which is its Registered Office. This bank is regulated by the Financial Services Authority and is registered in the Financial Services Authority Register with the Registration Number: 114216. HSBC Bank is member of the Financial Ombudsman Scheme. Literature Review: A mortgage is a conveyance of land or an assignment of chattels as a security for payment of a debt or the discharge of some other obligation for which it is given. This is the idea of a mortgage; and the security is redeemable on the payment or discharge of such debt or obligation, any provision to the contrary notwithstanding (Stanley Wilde 1899) Per Lindley MR. The mortgage is derived from the two words i.e. mort and gage which means dead pledge. The mortgage is usually signed by the borrower and agreed before a public notary and is recorded with the County Recorder. In the mortgage system if the mortgagor fails to pay the installment then the lender has right to close out the mortgage and can sale the property to get the payment for future.(Jack P Friedman, 2003 p.173-204) The mortgage is a  loan  to  finance  for the  purchase  of  real estate, with a specified interest rates and fixed payment time period. The  borrower (mortgagor) gives the  lender  (mortgagee) a  lien  on the property  as  collateral  for the loan. People can borrow money to buy a home and pay interest on the mortgage to the lender (Bank or Building Society). The Lender (Bank) uses borrowers property as security for the loan. This term means that if the borrower fails to pay the monthly installment then lender (Bank) may repossess property. An individual can apply for mortgage from any bank like HSBC, Lloyds TSB, Barclays, and Santander or from Nationwide (Building Society) or from Islamic Bank of Britain. The mortgage makes very easier to pay the huge amount in the monthly installment for the fixed time depends on the mortgage plan. (Jack Guttentag, 2004). The mortgage which suits you the best depends on many parameters which mainly include your risk enduring capacity, your personal financial goals and capabilities and your income. In the presence of so many options and offers present in the market it can surely become a daunting task to select the best mortgage option for you. Considering your dilemma we at finance-strategy.com came up with some useful tit bits which when kept in mind can surely help you make a wise decision towards taking a mortgage. An adjustable rate mortgage is perfect for those situations where you have to stay in that house for a short period of time and when the interest rates in the market are low and are expected to stay so too during the coming times. On the other hand a fixed rate mortgage fits those situations where in you decide to won that house for a longer period of time and the interest rates too are very high at the moment with chances of volatility in the near future. A fixed interest cushions you against these turbulent conditions. The advantages and disadvantages of mortgages will surely take us a step closer towards deciding it for sure if taking a mortgage is the best solution for your situation. Advantages: The most important advantage associated with a mortgage is the fact that it allows us to retain the ownership of our property and at the same time helps us in getting financial aid too. There is no need for one to sell or let go of his property to seek some money in exchange. In a mortgage the lender does not receive any share in the ownership of the property but is only entitled to take back the principal amount and the interest accumulated on the principal amount lent by him to you. the lender can only claim ownership on your property in case you default on the repayment schedule. The other benefit associated with mortgage is the fact that the interest payments on the mortgage are tax free in nature. Since the schedules of repayment are pre fixed and decided it allows you to plan your financials and expenses accordingly thereby simplifying the entire process for you. By availing a mortgage you now have access to cash flow which you were not having in normal conditions and can now use it to fulfill your needs and requirements. Disadvantages: The need of depositing collateral as security works out to be the biggest drawback of mortgages. It restricts the kind of people who can avail a mortgage as only home owners or other asset owners can do so. Also, in case that you default on your payment the lender has the right to claim the property deposited by you as collateral and then subsequently sell it off to claim back the loaned amount he had given you. You have to ensure while taking the mortgage that there is a clause mentioned therein that on repayment of the mortgage the lender has to release the ownership title submitted to him by you. The lender as per his convenience can define several events which he mat term as a default and generally includes inability to pay back the loan, bankruptcy, insolvency or any breach in the mortgage agreement. Therefore the risk of you ending up losing your property increases substantially. Repayment Of Mortgages There are two methods of repaying mortgage, one can choose from these two methods according to ones personal circumstances. Capital Repayment: With a capital repayment plan, monthly payment covers the interest charged on mortgage and it also reduces the outstanding balance each month in line with the term selected. With this repayment plan, one can ensure mortgage is fully paid off at the end of the mortgage period. What we get with the repayment option: Interest and capital repaid monthly payment covers the interest and also reduces the total balance outstanding Secure providing all payments are made, the mortgage will be repaid in full at the end of the agreed mortgage term Choose your repayment term up to a maximum of 30 years. Capital repayment is a repayment option on all of our mortgage products fixed rate, tracker and discount mortgages. Interest only: With an interest only option, monthly payment covers only the interest charged on mortgage, freeing up cash to spend elsewhere or to invest to pay off mortgage at the end of the mortgage term. By repaying only the interest on mortgage, monthly repayments are lower than with an equivalent capital repayment mortgage. What we get with the Interest only option: Interest only the monthly payment covers just the interest and the original capital amount borrowed remains outstanding throughout the term of the loan Lower monthly payments because capital is not repayed, monthly payments will be lower than with a capital repayment mortgage Long repayment term up to a maximum of 40 years Lower borrowing limit up to a maximum of 75% of the purchase price or the valuation of property (whichever is lower) Availability Interest only loans are restricted to home buyers or customers remortgaging from a competitor. Not available to existing customers borrowing further funds. Mortgage products of HSBC Bank Fixed Rate Mortgages: Repayments are fixed for the duration of the fixed term, and because it doesnt vary, monthly repayments remain the same regardless of what happens to interest rates HSBC currently offers fixed-rate mortgages over 2 and 5 year periods. At the end of the period mortgage will revert to the HSBC Variable Rate unless borrower decide to move to another product Feature Fixed Rate Interest Type Fixed Interest Calculated Daily Yes Unlimited over payments without incurring a charge No Early repayment charge Yes Extended tie in period No Exit fee No Can loan can be port if a person move home Yes In Fixed Rate Mortgages early repayment charge applies during the fixed rate period, and if we increase our standard monthly payment by more than 20% or repay, by any other method, the whole or any part of the mortgage, over and above your standard monthly payment during your fixed rate period Tracker Mortgages: The tracker interest we pay is an agreed percentage above the Bank of Englands Base rate. As the base rate rises and falls, the tracker will track these changes, and so rise and fall accordingly. This will affect the monthly payments HSBC Tracker mortgages are Lifetime trackers, in that they track the Base rate for the lifetime of the loan. Therefore we do not have to worry about coming to the end of a deal, and subsequently switching, with the associated costs. Should Base rates rise you can select to move to a fixed rate where booking fees may be payable. Feature Fixed Rate Interest Type Variable Interest Calculated Daily Yes Unlimited over payments without incurring a charge Yes Early repayment charge No Extended tie in period No Exit fee No Can loan can be port if a person move home Yes Discount Mortgages: A discount mortgage is a variable rate mortgage that offers an interest rate that is a discount off the HSBC Variable Rate for an agreed period (e.g. 2 years). With a discount mortgage, monthly payments will go up and down as the HSBC Variable Rate rises and falls. The HSBC Variable Rate is a rate that is internally set by HSBC. An early repayment charge applies during the discounted rate period, and if we increase our standard monthly payment by more than 20% or repay, by any other method, the whole or any part of the mortgage, over and above our standard monthly payment during your discounted rate period. Feature Fixed Rate Interest Type Variable Interest Calculated Daily Yes Unlimited over payments without incurring a charge No Early repayment charge Yes Extended tie in period No Exit fee No Can loan can be port if a person move home Yes GOVT STATISTICS: According to the government statistics the Mortgage Rescue Scheme used to monitor the statistics which usually gives information on the number of householders with having the mortgage difficulties. This scheme has two main elements: Government Mortgage to Rent and â‚ ¬Ã‹Å"Shared Equity The figures which are presented by Government Office Region are usually based on this scheme and submitted to Local Government by local authorities and communities. Local authority figures do not contain estimates for missing returns. Information on the local authority response rate is provided alongside the reported figures for each period. Figures for different periods are shown on separate tabs in the workbook. This is under the Ministry of Justice and the council of mortgage lenders. (www.communities.gov.uk/publications/corporate/statistics/mortgagerescuestatistics2010) Mortgage and landlord possession statistics (NS) 13 March 2010 Quarterly National Statistics on possession actions issued in county courts by mortgage lenders and social and private landlords in England and Wales. This is released quarterly by the ministry of justice and in relation with UK statistics authority. Justification: As having the field of banking I am quite interesting in reviewing the different strategies followed by the banks in the various fields. Moreover it is accessible for me to collect the information regarding my topic as my friend is serving for the both banks. From them I can get the required data regarding my dissertation. The reason behind choosing this topic is that I can get a direction for my future perspective by having the detailed study of this topic. RESEARCH QUESTIONS: The most important parts of the research needed to be covered are as follow:- What are the major resemblances among commercial mortgage in the Britain? What are the considerations customers should employ when choosing a mortgage product? RESEARCH OBJECTIVES: The below mentioned aims are set up on the foundation of planned research questions: To study the different mortgage products of HSBC Bank To recognize the important advantages of the HSBC mortgages over the other commercial mortgages system in the country, To discover the suitable measure. RESEARCH METHOD: Research plan is very important the main component of the research method. In this research method we will give the fundamental sketch of complete research scheme. Research method is the basic initiation of the entire research in it will plan that the how and when the research will be completed and what actions are required to accomplish this task.   This section aims to explain the type of research methods that would be used for the analysis of the proposed company. The results of the research would indicate the range of services that need to be offered, and the suitability of these services for the target market.  Moore (2000)  explains how the methods used will be influenced by constraints, such as time and money. It is important to consider all the methods available and choose a method that is most likely to achieve the objective of the research. Inductive and deductive Approach: RESEARCH OPINION: In the research onion is used to define the whole process of research strategy in detail the generic research process â‚ ¬Ã‹Å"onion support the researchers and give them the direction to do work. (Saunders et al, 2000) There are the different layers which represents the following aspects of the Research Methodology. Research Philosophy Research Approach Research Strategy Time Horizons Data Collection Methods Primary and Secondary Research   Primary data is that type of information which is new and that hasnt been used or collected before. On the other hand the secondary data is that information which has been collected earlier, by some other sources for their own purpose and can used by others for their convenience .(Saunders et al. 1997). Secondary research is also very important for the establishment of data and the collection of data for the current issues and this also helps to discover the relevant studies which can be carried in the past time. Advantages and disadvantages of primary and secondary research methods Primary Research Advantages: This can be used by face to face conversation in the form of interviews or by the telephonic interview. This is used by the help of technology by using mobile phones and through internet communication. A large group of people can be cover in many areas. Wider coverage of geographical areas. This method is cheaper one. . Disadvantages: There are problems to prepare it. The Questions put in this are generally easy to answer. Lower response for the historic things. Time consuming. Secondary Research Advantages: This is time saving method. This can be used by any firm for the research. Sometime this depends upon the type of research which has to be conducted, for that case their advantages and disadvantages vary. Probably accurate. Disadvantages The main disadvantage is that there is no up to date and is collected over the time. And there may be changes in that data which has to be updated. Data may be in unsuitable format. The data is free to all and there no competitive advantages the organisation (Ghauri and Gronhaug, 2002) Qualitative and Quantitative Research   The table below outlines the differences between qualitative and quantitative data: Qualitative Quantitative This research is based on words which are expressed in meaning. Based on derived  from numbers and data. Results collected are non-standardized and data require classification into categories and not in the numerical form. Result of collection is in the numerical form and data is standardized. Conceptualism is used for conduct the analysis. Analysis conducted through there is use   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Of diagrams and statistics. (Dey (1993); Healey and Rawlinson (1994), cited in Saunders et al (2003)) SELECTION OF METHOD: As I have the topic of mortgage system it will be suitable for my topic if I will go through mixture of both approaches i.e. both secondary and primary resources. This will be helpful in collecting the relevant data according to the need and will be useful in going to the depth of the research. On my part it is valuable to go through by considering the research onion. Regarding this I will concern both approaches for my research given by (Saunders and Thornhill in 2000). ETHICS: The main source of data collection methods for my research is quantitative method which is useful for collecting the facts and figure for my research. Moreover I have contacts in the both banks for collecting the information. The manager Of HSBC Bank is in contact with me and he agreed to assist me in providing information as per my requirement. In order to make my research more accurate I will use the secondary data and primary data sources as well. By this I can get all the information regarding the mortgage system of the both banks with the required form of data in order to take the comparison of the policies given by the both banks for the mortgage system they provided to their customers. For the guidelines I will do all the work under my supervisor and take suggestion and help of my supervisor time to time to complete my dissertation. SCOPE: The topic of mortgage system has wider scope in the present time as there is a great demand for the mortgage products in the current market position. The theory of my topic is controllable therefore I can do better by keep in mind the wider scope of my study. Even this will help me in future to get the good job in Banking Industry.

Should Chinas Human Rights Record Prevent Permanent Normal Trade Relations :: Human Rights Essays

Background Since the initial warming of U.S.-China relations in the early 1970s, policymakers have had difficulty balancing conflicting U.S. policy concerns in the Peoples' Republic of China. From Nixon to Clinton, presidents have had to reconcile security and human rights concerns with corporations' desires for expanded economic relations between the two countries. While the U.S. regularly objects to China's human rights violations, the Chinese government counters with complaints that the American concerns represent unwarranted American intrusion into its internal affairs. In 1989 the Tiananmen Square massacre drew public attention to the inconsistent character of U.S.-China policy. A wave of public indignation with China's repressive practices forced the Bush administration to adopt a sterner posture toward human rights violations and to impose sanctions, including restrictions on bilateral and multilateral aid. But these measures have not satisfied some critics of China's human rights practices, who contend that the U.S. should apply even more rigid trade restrictions against China. Specifically, some critics insist that the U.S. government not give China "permanent normal trade relations" status, which would free China's government from an annual review of its human rights record by Congress. Many critics say PNTR standing should be linked to improvements in China's human and labor rights practices - a policy that has been rejected by the Clinton administration. Rather than denying China normal trading status because of human rights violations, the Clinton administration has opted for a policy of "comprehensive engagement," which holds that long-term U.S. goals such as human rights improvement are more likely to be achieved through sustained contact and open trading than by further isolating China. Yet Chinese human rights practices, including respect for political and labor rights, continue to fall well below internationally accepted standards. In perhaps the stickiest issue, the White House warned last week that there was little chance of PNTR for China without legislation setting up a watchdog commission to monitor Beijing's human rights practices. China, however opposes any plans by the U.S. to monitor human rights as a condition to granting PNTR. On One Hand... American businesses should not be coddled at the expense of human rights. Despite expressions of concern for human rights conditions, the U.S. government has allowed narrow economic interests, particularly those of corporate investors, to guide its China policy. So far, the U.S. government has been unwilling to jeopardize U.S. economic relations by adopting stricter human rights conditions on aid and trade. China's trade status is currently reviewed annually by Congress.

Machiavelli - The Prince :: essays research papers

The Prince, one of the most popular and well known doctrines of political thought was also one of the greatest works of Niccolà ³ Machiavelli. First published in 1513, The Prince was written in response to the failure of the Greek-based Italian city-states. Machiavelli wrote The Prince because, despite being a firm Republican, he was also well-documented as a strong patriot. He wanted that his people live under a free but effective government, but he decided that if his nation has to be ruled by a despotic form of government that he would rather have it be a strong yet merciful tyranny. He wasn’t paid for writing The Prince, it wasn’t even originally a book, but a series of letters to the Prince Lorenzo de Medici. He wrote it during exile, after he had been arrested and tortured by Medici’s people, so it is doubtful that they had a bountiful relationship. Machiavelli’s intent, it would seem to the naked eye, was not to taunt the Prince, but to give him advice about how to survive on the throne and to also keep the dynasty in his family after his death. It appeared that he wanted to help the Prince to keep the nation free from invasion and occupation and also how to handle internal problems; such as when to bribe, oppress, cajole etc… Machiavelli’s real objective in writing The Prince was far different from the words that are found composed by him. The letters from Machiavelli to the Prince of Florence were not messages of suggestion as much as they were a job application for a place in his dynasty. The actual ambition of Machiavelli was to use this political hypocrisy to promote his own good. He was a firm believer that one should give the people what they want in order to earn their support and respect. Then, once in the public’s good graces, to use your authority, position and support to promote and complete your own agenda, political or otherwise, as long as it would eventually benefit the good of the people. He was a believer that anything can be justified as long as the results in for the common good. Machiavelli used this idea to coin his most well known phrase, “the end justifies the means.'; He explains that is it necessary to appear to be a lovely moral person, but in reality, to act “as necessity dictates'; and this allows lying, perjury and other immoral acts as long as the overall intent and final product is for the Common Benefit.

Behavior Problem Essay

The management of disruptive behavior problems is a familiar concern for many schools. Student’s behavior problems are challenging at all levels in school in recent years, behavior difficulties in school have increased, teachers seem to be unprepared to deal with these problem. According to C. E. C. P (1998) â€Å"Difficult student misbehaviors, reported by teacher include violation of classroom rules, being truant from school, blaming others for problems, irresponsible behavior, and destruction of property. p. 21) Given the seriousness of these behaviors, teacher are spending disproportionately more time on behavior problems that take away from instructions, compromising learning for both the student with the behavior difficulties and rest of the classroom. Therefore, teachers need to formulate a plan to help students with their behavioral problems so that the learning and teaching process happens actively and smoothly. 2. 0 Behavior Problems 2. 1 Definition of behavior, pro blem, and behavior problem. Behavior Behavior defines as the manner in which one behaves / The actions or reactions of a person or animal in response to external or internal stimuli. One of these actions or reactions: â€Å"a hormone . . . known to directly control sex-specific reproductive and parenting behaviors in a wide variety of vertebrates† (Thomas Maugh II). (Cited from American Heritage Dictionary) Problem Problem defines as any question or matter involving doubt, uncertainty, or difficulty/ a question proposed for solution or discussion / difficult to train or guide. cited from dictionary. com) Behavior Problem So basically behavior problems have both of the elements of behavior and problem. Which defines as a n action or reaction of a person to external or internal stimuli which involves qoubt, uncertainty or difficulty. 2. 2 Types of behavioral problems. There are 11 most common types of behavioral problem that a teacher might encounter in schools. (KidsBehavior (UK). mht). They are; a)Aggressive Outb urst b)Biting peers or objects c)Pulling peers hair d)Banging their head )Hitting their peers f)Pinching their peers g)Always being absent to class h)Using violence in classroom i)Lying/ blaming others j)Usage of vulgar/abusive words k)Stealing Not only behavior problems distract the attention in a classroom but also behavior disorder. Behavior disorder is a much more severe problem than behavior problems. This is because behavior disorders are hardwired in the students system. There are many types of behavior disorders and among them are a) autism, b) post-traumatic stress disorder and many more. Unfortunately, a teacher would not be able to help these types of children because this type of children needs special attention. Therefore, if a teacher recognizes any kind of behavioral disorder in a child, the teacher should inform to his/her parents as soon as possible. As concerning with behavioral problems, there are number of methods/strategies techniques available to cure them. Teachers should know these methods/strategies/techniques in order to help the students to mend their behavior problem and to help the school from facing displin problems. The term for this methods/strategies/techniques is Behavior Modification 3. 0 Overcoming Behavior Problems with Behavior Management and Behavior Modification 3. 1 Definition of Behavior Management and Behavior Modification. Behavior management skills are particularly of importance to teachers in the educational system. Behavior management is all of the actions and conscious inactions to enhance the probability people, individually and in groups, choose behaviors, which are personally fulfilling, productive, and socially acceptable. Behavior modification is the use of empirically demonstrated behavior change techniques to improve behavior, such as altering an individual’s behaviors and reactions to stimuli through positive and negative reinforcement of adaptive behavior and/or the reduction of maladaptive behavior through positive and negative punishment. 3. 2 Behavior Management 1) Behavior management is applied at the group level by a classroom teacher as a form of behavioral engineering to produce high rates of student work completion and minimize classroom disruption. ) â€Å"Contemporary behavior modification approaches involve students more actively in planning and shaping their own behavior through participation in the negotiation of contracts with their teachers and through exposure to training designed to help them to monitor and evaluate their behavior more actively, to learn techniques of self-control and problem solving, and to set goals and reinforce themselves for meeting these goals. † – (Brophy (1986)) ) The most common practices of this behavior management rely on the use of applied behavior analysis principles such as positive reinforcement and mild punishments 4) This principle follows the Operant Conditioning system by B. F. Skinner, which is to describe the effects of the consequences of a particular behavior on the future occurrence of that behavior. There are four types of Operant Conditioning: Positive Reinforcement, Negative Reinforcement, Punishment, and Extinction. Both Positive and Negative Reinforcement strengthen behavior while both Punishment and Extinction weakens behavior. ) Examples of situation whereby the teacher uses the two main types of operant conditioning. 3. 2. 1 Positive Reinforcement Definition: Is an attempt to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring in the future, an operant response is followed by the presentation of an appetitive stimulus. Example of situation in a classroom on how to use positive reinforcement. A teacher who uses positive rein forcement will constantly and consistently praised the students, ignored small infractions and was encouraging no matter what answer the students get. Once one student was totally off track with his answer and the teacher’s response was â€Å"no, but you are thinking and that is what I enjoy seeing you think, listen to others and try again. † Every minute or two the teacher was saying something positive. 3. 2. 2 Negative Reinforcement Definition: Negative reinforcement occurs when a behavior is reinforced by removal of a stimulus. The word â€Å"negative† does not mean â€Å"unpleasant. † It means a stimulus is removed or â€Å"subtracted† from the situation as a form of reinforcement Example of situation in a classroom on how to use negative reinforcement. Suppose your teacher said you could skip the final exam by studying an extra chapter and taking a quiz on it. You might study an extra chapter (your studying behavior would be made more frequent) because of the promise of an unpleasant stimulus, being removed (no final exam) Another example: If a student is trying to be the centre of the limelight by disrupting the classroom the teacher can use the avoidance strategy or punishment strategy as a negative reinforcement to the student. 3. 3 Behavior Modification The principles of using behavior modification are: ) To develop a new behavior b) To strengthen a new behavior , c) To maintain an established behavior, d) To stop inappropriate behavior, and finally e) To modify emotional behavior. (Adapted from: Krumboltz, J. , & Krumboltz, H. (1972). Changing children’s behavior. New York: Prentice-Hall. )   There are 3 main principles to develop a new behavior which are i. Successive Approximation Principle: ( To teach a child to ac t in a manner in which he has seldom or never before behaved, reward successive steps to the inal behavior. ) ii. Continuous Reinforcement Principle: (To develop a new behavior that the child has not previously exhibited, arrange for an immediate reward after each correct performed it incorrectly. iii. Discrimination Principle: (To teach a child to act in a particular way under one set of circumstances but not in another, help him to identify the cues that differentiate the circumstances and reward him only when his action is appropriate to the cue. ) B : To strengthen a new behavior There are 2 main principle in strengthening a new behavior. i. Decreasing Reinforcement Principle: (To encourage a child to continue performing an established behavior with few or no rewards, gradually require a longer time period or more correct responses before a correct behavior is rewarded. ) ii. Variable Reinforcement Principle: (To improve or increase a child’s performance of a certain activity, provide the child with an intermittent reward. ) C :To maintain an established behavior There is 1main principle in estbablishing a new behavior . Substitution Principle: (To change reinforcers when a previously effective reward is no longer controlling behavior, present it just before (or as soon as possible to) the time you present the new, hopefully more effective reward. ) D :To stop inappropriate behavior There is 3 main principle to stop inappropriate behavior i. Satiation Principle: (To stop a child from acting in a particular way, you may allow him to continue (or insist that he continue) performing the undesired act until he tires of it. ) ii. Extinction Principle: (To stop a child from acting in a particular way, you may arrange conditions so that he receives no rewards following the undesired act. ) iii. Punishment Principle: (To stop a child from acting in a certain way, deliver an aversive stimuli immediately after the action occurs. Since punishment results in increased hostility and aggression, it should only be used infrequently and in conjunction with reinforcement. ) E : To modify emotional behavior There is 2 main principle to modify emotional behavior ) Avoidance Principle: ( To teach a child to avoid a certain type of situation, simultaneously present to the child the situation to be avoided (or some representation of it) and some aversive conditon (or its representation) ii) Fear Reduction Principle: (To help a child overcome his fear of a particular situation, gradually increase his exposure to the feared situation while he is otherwise comfortable, relaxed, secure or rewarded. ) CONCLUSION The effective use of behavioral and cognitive strategies in the classroom may appear daunting even to experienced teachers. However, changing your behavior and strategies is often the most efficient and effective means of improving all types of classroom behaviors Through practice comes proficiency. The building block of emotions and behavior likely contains the largest and most diverse set of problems encountered in the classroom. By first understanding these problems and seeing the world through the eyes of your students, and, then developing and using a set of i strategies on a regular basis, problems of emotions and behavior can be effectively managed and changed in the classroom and also behavior problems can be mended.